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OKLAHOMA - USA
Oklahoma is a southwestern state of the United
States and its U.S. postal abbreviation is OK. Oklahoma was the last remnant
of the Indian Territory.
USS Oklahoma was named in honor of this state.
Major state designations and symbols include:
Flower -- Mistletoe (Phoradendron serotinum)
Motto -- Labor Omnia Vincit (Work conquers all)
Nickname -- Sooner State
Tree -- Redbud (Cercis canadensis)
Bird -- Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus forficatus)
Song -- Oklahoma!
History
Oklahoma was inhabited by Native American tribes including the Caddo.
Descendants of these people still live in the state. The name Oklahoma comes
from the language of the Choctaw people, who came in the 1830s. "Okla"
roughly means "the people" and "homa" means "red".
In the 16th century Spanish explorers became the first Europeans to visit
the area.
Later on Oklahoma was part of the vast territorial swapping going on between
European powers France and Spain.
In the 1830s Oklahoma, as the Indian Territory, served as the relocation
area for the policy of Indian Removal started by Andrew Jackson. The end of
the Trail of Tears (Tsa La Gi) was "Indian Territory". There were already
many tribes living in the territory, whites, and escaped slaves as well.
The "Five Civilized Tribes" were not the only ones forced to Oklahoma.
Nations such as the Delaware, from the northeast US, Kiowa, Comanche, and
others were forced to move to Oklahoma. Descendants of these people still
live in Oklahoma today. Counties with the names of these tribes also exist.
Oklahoma has the second highest number of Native Americans/Amerindians in
the country estimated at 395,219 as of 2003. Only California has a higher
Amerindian population at 682,720 [1] (http://eire.census.gov/popest/data/states/ST-EST2002-ASRO-04.php).
Oklahoma also has the second highest concentration of Native Americans/Amerindians
in the nation with 11.4% of the state's population, topped only by Alaska at
19% of that state's population. [2] (http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-15.pdf).
The five civilized tribes set up towns such as Tulsa, Tahlequah, and
Muskogee, which became some of the larger towns in the state. They also
brought their African slaves to Oklahoma, which added to African-American
population in the region.
During the American Civil War many tribes were internally split between
Confederates and Yankees. However, in 1861 the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws,
Chickasaws, Seminoles, Quapaws, Senecas, Caddos, Wichitas, Osages, and
Shawnees signed treaties of alliance with the Confederacy. There were
several battles fought in Oklahoma.
After the Civil War, in 1866, the federal government forced the tribes into
new treaties. Most of the land in central and western Indian Territory was
ceded to the government. Some of the land was given to other tribes, but the
central part, the so-called Unassigned Lands, remained with the government.
Another concession allowed railroads to cross Indian lands.
Furthermore the practice of slavery was outlawed. Some nations were
integrated racially and otherwise with their slaves, but other nations were
extremely hostile to the former slaves and wanted them exiled from their
territory.
In the 1870s a movement began by people wanting to settle the govenment
lands in the Indian Territory under the Homestead Act of 1862. They referred
to the Unassigned Lands as Oklahoma and to themselves as Boomers.
In the 1880s, early settlers of the state's very sparsely populated
Panhandle region tried to form the Cimarron Territory, but lost a lawsuit
against the federal government, prompting a judge in Paris, Texas, to
unintentionally create a moniker for the area. "That is land that can be
owned by no man," the judge said, and after that the panhandle was referred
to as No Man's Land until statehood arrived decades later.
In 1884, in United States vs. Payne, the United States District Court in
Topeka, Kansas, ruled that settling on the lands ceded to the government by
the Indians under the 1866 treaties was not a crime. The government at first
resisted but the Congress soon enacted laws authorizing settlement.
On March 23, 1889, President Benjamin Harrison signed legislation by the
United States Congress which would open up the Unassigned Lands (some 2
million acres (8,000 km˛), for settlement on April 22nd. It was to be the
first of a number of Land Runs. Some of the settlers were called "Sooners"
because they had already staked their land claims before the land was
officially opened for settlement.
Congress passed the Dawes Act, or General Allotment Act, in 1887 requiring
the government to negotiate agreements with the tribes to divide Indian
lands into individual holdings. Under the allotment system, tribal lands
left over would be surveyed for settlement by non-Indians. Following
settlement, many whites accused Republican officials of giving preferential
treatment to ex-slaves in land disputes. The Dawes Act excluded the Five
Civilized Tribes.
The Organic Act of 1890 created the Oklahoma Territory out of the Unassigned
Lands and No Man's Land.
In 1893 the government purchased the rights to settle the Cherokee Outlet,
or Cherokee Strip, from the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee Outlet was part of
the lands ceded to the government in the 1866 treaty but with the Cherokees
retaining access. Chicago meat-packing plants had leased it from the
Cherokees for huge cattle ranches. The Cherokee Strip was opened to
settlement by land run in 1894. Also, in 1893, Congress set up the Dawes
Commission to negotiate agreements with each of the Five Civilized Tribes
for the allotment of tribal lands to individual Indians. Finally, the 1898
Curtis Act abolished tribal jurisdiction over all of Indian Territory.
On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma Territory combined with Indian Territory to
become the 46th U.S. state.
In the early 1900s the oil business began to get underway. Huge pools of
underground oil were discovered in places like Glenpool. Many whites flooded
into the state to make money. Many of the 'old money' elite families of
Oklahoma can date their rise to this time. The prosperity of the 1920s can
be seen in the surviving architecture from the period, including one which
was converted into the Philbrook Museum.
During the height of the Great Depression, drought and non-ecologically-friendly
agricultural practices led to the Dust Bowl, when large tracts of arable
land were blown away in massive dust storms. This forced many small farmers
to flee the state altogether.
This migration is chronicled in The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, and
also in photographs by Dorothea Lange. The negative images of the "Okie" as
a sort of rootless migrant laborer living in a near-animal state of
scrounging for food greatly offended many Oklahomans. Some politicians of
Oklahoma denounced the book (often without reading it) as an attempt to
impugn the morals and character of the people of Oklahoma.
For Oklahoma, the early 1900s were also somewhat turbulent politically. Many
different groups had flooded into the state and were trying to figure out
how to live. There were also "black towns", in which blacks tried to make a
life of their own, separate from whites. The white towns were also
segregated. Northern Tulsa was known as Black Wall Street because of the
vibrant business, cultural, and religious community that had sprung up there.
The Industrial Workers of the World tried to gain headway during this period,
but achieved little success. The Ku Klux Klan was also active, denouncing
Blacks, Catholics, and Jews. There were several race riots, including the
Tulsa Race Riot, one of the worst in American history.
Tensions between whites and Native Americans seem to have been less violent
in the 20th century. The various government sponsored arts, community, and
tourism programs emphasize Oklahoma's Native American heritage heavily.
In 1995 Oklahoma became the scene of the Oklahoma City bombing, in which a
Gulf War veteran named Timothy McVeigh bombed the Alfred Murrah Federal
Building, killing 168 people.
Law and Government
The capital of the state is Oklahoma City and its governor is Brad Henry (Democrat).
Oklahoma's two U.S. senators are James M. Inhofe (Republican) and Don
Nickles (Republican). List of Oklahoma Governors.
Politics
Political parties currently active in Oklahoma include the [Democratic, http://www.okdemocrats.org/],
[Republican, http://www.okgop.com], [Libertarian, http://www.oklp.org] and [Green,
http://www.okgreens.org] parties.
Geography
Oklahoma is bounded on the north by Kansas and Colorado, on the west and
south by New Mexico and Texas (with part of the Texas border delineated by
the Red River (Mississippi watershed), and on the east by Missouri and
Arkansas. Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city. As of 2000, the
population is 3,450,654. Oklahoma receives much rain in the far eastern part
of the state but is very dry in the panhandle and the west.
Interstate highways
Interstate 35
Interstate 40
Interstate 44
United States highways
North-south routes East-west routes
U.S. Highway 59
U.S. Highway 259
U.S. Highway 69
U.S. Highway 169
U.S. Highway 75
U.S. Highway 271
U.S. Highway 77
U.S. Highway 177
U.S. Highway 277
U.S. Highway 377
U.S. Highway 81
U.S. Highway 281
U.S. Highway 83
U.S. Highway 183
U.S. Highway 283
U.S. Highway 287
U.S. Highway 412
U.S. Highway 54
U.S. Highway 60
U.S. Highway 62
U.S. Highway 64
U.S. Highway 66
(decommissioned)
U.S. Highway 266
U.S. Highway 62
U.S. Highway 70
U.S. Highway 270
Economy
Oklahoma is a major fuel and food-producing state. Thousands of oil and
natural gas wells dot the Oklahoma landscape. Millions of white-faced beef
cattle graze on Oklahoma's flat plain and low hills. Fertile fields produce
vast crops of wheat. Its 1999 total gross state product was $86 billion,
placing it 29th in the nation. Its 2000 Per Capita Personal Income was
$23,517, 43rd in the nation. Its agricultural outputs are cattle, wheat,
milk, poultry, and cotton. Its industrial outputs are transportation
equipment, machinery, electric products, rubber and plastic products, and
food processing.
Oklahoma City is the principle economy of the state, centered on the Finance,
Retail, Governance, Entertainment, and Tourism sectors. The city has
numerous manufacturing and processing plants as well as a growing Biotech
center and a large Aviation market.
Oklahoma City is home to many corporate and regional headquarters including
international giants Devon Energy, Kerr McGee, OGE Energy, Chesapeake Energy,
Six Flags, Sonic, Local Financial, and Dobson Communications. The Oklahoma
City Metropolitan Area is a growing Hi-Tech region and a major Distribution
and Shipping point.
Tulsa is an Energy and Trade center and is a major Aerospace and
Telecommunications market. The city has many large factories and numerous
small businesses.
Demographics
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2003, Oklahoma's population was
estimated at 3,511,532 people.
The racial makeup of the state is:
76.2% White
7.6% Black
5.2% Hispanic or Latino
1.4% Asian
7.9% American Indian or Alaska Native
0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
2.4% from other races
4.5% belong to two or more races
The top 5 ancestry groups in Oklahoma are German (12.6%), American Indian
(12.1%), American (11.4%), Irish (10.3%), English (8.4%).
The 5 largest religions in Oklahoma are Baptist (30%), Methodist (11%),
Christian (9%), Roman Catholic (7%), Pentecostal (4%). 14% of the population
is nonreligious.
6.8% of Oklahoma's population were reported as under 5, 25.9% under 18, and
13.2% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 50.9% of the
population.
Important cities and towns
OKLAHOMA CITY
Bethany
Choctaw
Del City
Edmond
El Reno
Guthrie
Midwest City
Moore
Mustang
Newcastle
Nichols Hills
Nicoma Park
Norman
Piedmont
Shawnee
The Village
Warr Acres
Yukon
Tulsa
Broken Arrow
Sapulpa
Sand Springs
Bixby
Lawton
Enid
Muskogee
Bartlesville
Stillwater
Owasso
Ponca City
Altus
Ardmore
Duncan
McAlester
Claremore
Miami
Tahlequah
Ada
Chickasha
Durant
Okmulgee
Woodward
Guymon
Elk City
Education
Colleges and universities
Cameron University
East Central University
Langston University
Mid-America Christian University
Northeastern State University
Northwestern Oklahoma State University
Oklahoma Baptist University
Oklahoma Christian University
Oklahoma City University
Oklahoma Panhandle State University
Oklahoma State University
Oklahoma Wesleyan University
Oral Roberts University
St. Gregory's University
Southeastern Oklahoma State University
Southern Nazarene University
Southwestern Oklahoma State University
University of Central Oklahoma
University of Oklahoma
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma
University of Tulsa
Professional sports teams
The Minor League Baseball Teams are:
Oklahoma RedHawks AAA in Oklahoma City
Tulsa Drillers AA
Other Oklahoma City teams include
Oklahoma City Blazers
Oklahoma City Yard Dawgz
Oklahoma City Lightning
Oklahoma Storm
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