|
|
MASSACHUSETTS - USA
Massachusetts is a state of the United States of
America, part of the New England region. Its U.S. postal abbreviation is MA
and its traditional abbreviation is Mass. It is properly called the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, although there is no legal distinction
between states and commonwealths.
Several ships have been named USS Massachusetts in honor of this state.
History
The colony was named after a local Indian tribe whose name means "a large
hill place". The Pilgrims established their settlement at Plymouth in 1620,
arriving on the Mayflower. They were soon followed by the Puritans, who
established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Massachusetts was one of the
thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American
Revolution. Although the Puritans came to Massachusetts for religious
freedom, they were not tolerant of any other religion than theirs. People
such as Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams, and Thomas Hooker left
Massachusetts and went South because of the Puritans' lack of religious
tolerance. Williams ended up founding the colony of Rhode Island and Hooker
founded Connecticut.
On February 9, 1775 the British Parliament declared Massachusetts to be in
rebellion and sent additional troops to restore order.
An African-American named Crispus Attucks was one of the first Americans
killed during the American Revolution, in Boston on March 5, 1770, at an
event that has come to be called the Boston Massacre.
On February 6, 1788 Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the
United States Constitution.
On March 15, 1820 the area of Maine was separated from Massachusetts, of
which it had been a non-contiguous part, and entered the Union as a State in
its own right.
Massachusetts contains many historic houses.
Law and Government
The capital of Massachusetts is Boston and the governor of the state is Mitt
Romney (Republican). The state does not maintain an official governor's
residence. Massachusetts's two U.S. senators are Edward Kennedy (Democrat)
and John Kerry (Democrat); as of the 2001 redistricting, Massachusetts has
ten seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. The state legislature is
formally styled the "Great and General Court of the Commonwealth"; the
highest court is the "Supreme Judicial Court".
Massachusetts law maintains a distinction between "cities" and "towns"; the
largest town in population is Framingham. Politically, the only difference
between a town and a city is that a town is governed under the Town Meeting
or Representative Town Meeting form of government, whereas a city has a city
council (and may or may not have a mayor, a city manager, or both). This
distinction dates to the 1820s; prior to that, all municipalities were
governed by Town Meeting. There are now a number of municipalities which are
legally cities and thus have city councils, but retained the word "town" in
their names, including Agawam, Methuen, Watertown, Weymouth, and Westfield.
These cities are legally styled "the city called the Town of X".
Massachusetts has a very limited home rule mechanism; in order to exercise
jurisdiction outside of these bounds, a municipality must petition the
General Court for special legislation giving it that authority.
Massachusetts municipalities are subject to a budgetary law known as "Proposition
2˝", by which they may not increase expenditures by more than 2˝% per annum
without the approval of the voters in a plebiscite.
Massachusetts has a reputation as being one of the most left wing states in
the US. It is the home of the Kennedy family of political fame, and
routinely votes Democrat in all federal elections.
Following a November 2003 decision of the state's Supreme Court,
Massachusetts became the first state to issue same-sex marriage licences on
May 17, 2004. See the articles on same-sex marriage in the United States and
same-sex marriage in Massachusetts.
Geography
Massachusetts is bordered on the north by New Hampshire and Vermont, on the
west by New York, on the south by Connecticut and Rhode Island, and on the
east by the Atlantic Ocean. The islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket
lie off the southeast coast. Boston is the largest city; however, most of
the population of the Boston metropolitan area (approximately 4,000,000)
does not live in the city.
Economy
Massachusetts total gross state product for 1999 was $262 billion, placing
it 11th in the nation. As of 2002, its Per Capita Personal Income was
$39,244 or third in the nation. [1] (http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/statelocal.htm)
Its agricultural outputs are seafood, nursery stock, dairy products,
cranberries, and vegetables. Its industrial outputs are machinery, electric
equipment, scientific instruments, printing and publishing, and tourism.
Other sectors vital to the Massachusetts economy include higher education,
health care, and financial services.
Demographics
All numbers from the 2000 census (http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25000.html)
Population: 6,349,097
White: 84.5%
Black or African American: 5.4%
Asian: 3.8%
American Indian and Alaska Native: 0.2%
Other Race: 3.8%
Two or more races: 3.7%
Important cities and towns
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has a total of 50 cities and 301 towns,
grouped into 14 counties. Massachusetts cities and towns of historical or
cultural importance include
Amherst
Barnstable
Boston
Cambridge
Concord
Fall River
Lexington
Lowell
Lynn
New Bedford
Northampton
Pittsfield
Plymouth
Provincetown
Salem
Springfield
Taunton
Worcester
Massachusetts towns and counties
Massachusetts shares with the six New England states and New York a
governmental structure known as the "New England town."
In most states, a town is a compact incorporated area. Between the towns are
unincorporated areas, usually quite large, which do not belong to any town.
In contrast, the state is completely apportioned into counties: every square
inch of land belongs to some county. County governments have significant
importance, particularly to those living outside towns, and often perform
major functions such as operating airports.
In contrast, the cities and towns of Massachusetts divide up all of the land
between them; every square inch of Massachusetts belongs to some "town" (or
city) and there are no "unincorporated" areas or population centers. This
complicates comparisons with other states, as most residents identify
strongly with the town or city in which they reside, and not with the "populated
places" as defined and used in the U.S. Census Bureau, which in most data
products considers towns to be equivalent to (much weaker) townships in
other states. However, many residents also identify with neighborhoods,
villages, or other districts of their towns.
By the 1990s, most functions of county governments (including operation of
courts and road maintenance) had been taken over by the state, and most
county governments were seen as inefficient and outmoded. The government of
Suffolk County was substantially integrated with the city government of
Boston more than one hundred years ago, to the extent that the members of
the Boston city council are ex officio the Suffolk County Commissioners, and
Boston's treasurer and auditor fulfill the same offices for the county. Thus,
residents of the other three Suffolk County communities do not have a voice
on the county commission, but all the county expenses are paid by the city
of Boston.
The government of Nantucket County, which is geographically coterminous with
the Town of Nantucket, is operated along similar lines- the town selectman (executive
branch) act as the county commissioners.
Mismanagement of Middlesex County's public hospital in the mid 1990s left
that county on the brink of insolvency, and in 1997 the legislature stepped
in by assuming all assets and obligations of the county. The government of
Middlesex County was officially abolished on July 11, 1997. Later that year,
the Franklin County Commission voted itself out of existence. The law
abolishing Middlesex County also provided for the elimination of Hampden
County and Worcester County on July 1, 1998. This law was later amended to
abolish Hampshire County on January 1, 1999; Essex County on July 1 of that
same year; and Berkshire County on July 1, 2000. Chapter 34B of the
Massachusetts General Laws (http://www.state.ma.us/legis/laws/mgl/gl-34B-toc.htm)
provides that other counties may also vote to abolish themselves, or to
reorganize as a "regional council of governments", as Hampshire and Franklin
Counties have done. The governments of Bristol, Plymouth, and Norfolk
Counties remain substantially unchanged. Barnstable and Dukes Counties have
adopted modern county charters, enabling them to act as efficient regional
governments.
Higher education and research
Massachusetts contains only 2.5% of the U.S. population, but 4.5% of its
four-year colleges and universities[2] (http://www.utexas.edu/world/univ/state/)
(see full list of colleges and universities in Massachusetts). Eight Boston-area
institutions (Boston College, Boston University, Brandeis, Harvard, MIT,
Northeastern, Tufts, and UMass/Boston) call themselves "research
universities;" they became, according to them, "engines of economic growth"
following World War II, and currently contribute $7 billion annually to the
local economy [3] (http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/nr/2003/econimpact.html).
The population of metropolitan Boston surges noticeably during the school
year due to the concentration of colleges and universities in the area (see
list of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston).
Massachusetts is home to one Ivy League university, Harvard; and three of
the Seven Sisters: Mount Holyoke, Smith, and Wellesley. Technology-oriented
universities include MIT, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and University of
Massachusetts Lowell, which includes the former Lowell Institute of
Technology ("Lowell Tech"). Notable Massachusetts colleges that are outside
the eastern Massachusetts area include the Five Colleges of the Pioneer
Valley (Mount Holyoke, Smith, Amherst, Hampshire and the flagship campus of
the University of Massachusetts) and Williams, along with Worcester State
College. Music schools include Berklee and the New England Conservatory.
Massachusetts also is home to well-known independent research institutions,
including Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Marine Biological
Laboratory.
Famous politicians and public figures from Massachusetts
John Adams, 2nd president of the US
John Quincy Adams, 6th president of the US
Samuel Adams
Susan B. Anthony
George H. W. Bush, 41st president of the US
Michael Dukakis
Benjamin Franklin
John Hancock
Oliver Wendell Holmes, justice of the Supreme Court
Edward M. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy, 35th president of the US
John F. Kerry
Paul Revere
Professional sports teams
Major League Baseball
Boston Red Sox
National Football League
New England Patriots
National Hockey League
Boston Bruins
American Hockey League
Worcester IceCats
National Basketball Association
Boston Celtics
Major League Soccer
New England Revolution
Major League Lacrosse
Boston Cannons
Minor League Baseball
Lowell Spinners
North Shore Spirit
Brockton Rox
State songs
Massachusetts recognizes three official state songs:
Official Song: "All Hail to Massachusetts" (Arthur J. Marsh);
Official Folk Song: "Massachusetts" (Arlo Guthrie)
Official Patriotic Song: "My Massachusetts, Because of You Our Land is Free"
(Bernard Davidson)
|
|
